AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 004594

Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia

Identifieur interne : 004594 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004593; suivant : 004595

Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia

Auteurs : Olivo Miotto [Royaume-Uni, Thaïlande] ; Jacob Almagro-Garcia [Royaume-Uni] ; Magnus Manske [Royaume-Uni] ; Bronwyn Macinnis [Royaume-Uni] ; Susana Campino [Royaume-Uni] ; Kirk A. Rockett [Royaume-Uni] ; Chanaki Amaratunga [États-Unis] ; Pharath Lim [États-Unis, Cambodge] ; Seila Suon [Cambodge] ; Sokunthea Sreng [Cambodge] ; Jennifer M. Anderson [États-Unis] ; Socheat Duong [Cambodge] ; Chea Nguon [Cambodge] ; Char Meng Chuor [Cambodge] ; David Saunders [Thaïlande] ; Youry Se [Cambodge] ; Chantap Lon [Cambodge] ; Mark M. Fukuda [Thaïlande, États-Unis] ; Lucas Amenga-Etego [Ghana] ; Abraham Vo Hodgson [Ghana] ; Victor Asoala [Ghana] ; Mallika Imwong [Thaïlande] ; Shannon Takala-Harrison [États-Unis] ; Francois Nosten [Thaïlande, Royaume-Uni] ; Xin-Zhuan Su [États-Unis] ; Pascal Ringwald [Suisse] ; Frédéric Ariey [France] ; Christiane Dolecek [Royaume-Uni, Viêt Nam] ; Tran Tinh Hien [Royaume-Uni, Viêt Nam] ; Maciej F. Boni [Royaume-Uni, Viêt Nam] ; Cao Quang Thai [Viêt Nam] ; Alfred Amambua-Ngwa [Gambie] ; David J. Conway [Gambie, Royaume-Uni] ; Abdoulaye A. Djimdé [Mali] ; Ogobara K. Doumbo [Mali] ; Issaka Zongo [Burkina Faso] ; Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo [Burkina Faso] ; Daniel Alcock [Royaume-Uni] ; Eleanor Drury [Royaume-Uni] ; Sarah Auburn [Australie] ; Oliver Koch [Royaume-Uni] ; Mandy Sanders [Royaume-Uni] ; Christina Hubbart [Royaume-Uni] ; Gareth Maslen [Royaume-Uni] ; Valentin Ruano-Rubio [Royaume-Uni] ; Dushyanth Jyothi [Royaume-Uni] ; Alistair Miles [Royaume-Uni] ; John O Rien [Royaume-Uni] ; Chris Gamble [Royaume-Uni] ; Samuel O. Oyola [Royaume-Uni] ; Julian C. Rayner [Royaume-Uni] ; Chris I. Newbold [Royaume-Uni] ; Matthew Berriman [Royaume-Uni] ; Chris Ca Spencer [Royaume-Uni] ; Gilean Mcvean [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicholas P. Day [Thaïlande, Royaume-Uni] ; Nicholas J. White [Thaïlande, Royaume-Uni] ; Delia Bethell [Thaïlande] ; Arjen M. Dondorp [Thaïlande, Royaume-Uni] ; Christopher V. Plowe [États-Unis] ; Rick M. Fairhurst [États-Unis] ; Dominic P. Kwiatkowski [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

Nature genetics [ 1061-4036 ] ; 2013.

RBID : PMC:3807790

Abstract

We describe an analysis of genome variation in 825 Plasmodium falciparum samples from Asia and Africa that reveals an unusual pattern of parasite population structure at the epicentre of artemisinin resistance in western Cambodia. Within this relatively small geographical area we have discovered several distinct but apparently sympatric parasite subpopulations with extremely high levels of genetic differentiation. Of particular interest are three subpopulations, all associated with clinical resistance to artemisinin, which have skewed allele frequency spectra and remarkably high levels of haplotype homozygosity, indicative of founder effects and recent population expansion. We provide a catalogue of SNPs that show high levels of differentiation in the artemisinin-resistant subpopulations, including codon variants in various transporter proteins and DNA mismatch repair proteins. These data provide a population genetic framework for investigating the biological origins of artemisinin resistance and for defining molecular markers to assist its elimination.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807790

DOI: 10.1038/ng.2624
PubMed: 23624527
PubMed Central: 3807790

Affiliations:

Australie, Burkina Faso, Cambodge, France, Gambie, Ghana, Mali, Royaume-Uni, Suisse, Thaïlande, Viêt Nam, États-Unis
Angleterre, Oxfordshire, Île-de-France
Oxford, Paris
Université d'Oxford

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Amenga Etego, Lucas" sort="Amenga Etego, Lucas" uniqKey="Amenga Etego L" first="Lucas" last="Amenga-Etego">Lucas Amenga-Etego</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Takala Harrison, Shannon" sort="Takala Harrison, Shannon" uniqKey="Takala Harrison S" first="Shannon" last="Takala-Harrison">Shannon Takala-Harrison</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Nosten, Francois" sort="Nosten, Francois" uniqKey="Nosten F" first="Francois" last="Nosten">Francois Nosten</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Su, Xin Zhuan" sort="Su, Xin Zhuan" uniqKey="Su X" first="Xin-Zhuan" last="Su">Xin-Zhuan Su</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ringwald, Pascal" sort="Ringwald, Pascal" uniqKey="Ringwald P" first="Pascal" last="Ringwald">Pascal Ringwald</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Ariey, Frederic" sort="Ariey, Frederic" uniqKey="Ariey F" first="Frédéric" last="Ariey">Frédéric Ariey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Dolecek, Christiane" sort="Dolecek, Christiane" uniqKey="Dolecek C" first="Christiane" last="Dolecek">Christiane Dolecek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hien, Tran Tinh" sort="Hien, Tran Tinh" uniqKey="Hien T" first="Tran Tinh" last="Hien">Tran Tinh Hien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boni, Maciej F" sort="Boni, Maciej F" uniqKey="Boni M" first="Maciej F" last="Boni">Maciej F. Boni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thai, Cao Quang" sort="Thai, Cao Quang" uniqKey="Thai C" first="Cao Quang" last="Thai">Cao Quang Thai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amambua Ngwa, Alfred" sort="Amambua Ngwa, Alfred" uniqKey="Amambua Ngwa A" first="Alfred" last="Amambua-Ngwa">Alfred Amambua-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Laboratories, Fajara</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Fajara</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Conway, David J" sort="Conway, David J" uniqKey="Conway D" first="David J" last="Conway">David J. Conway</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Laboratories, Fajara</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Fajara</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London WC1E 7HT</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Djimde, Abdoulaye A" sort="Djimde, Abdoulaye A" uniqKey="Djimde A" first="Abdoulaye A" last="Djimdé">Abdoulaye A. Djimdé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doumbo, Ogobara K" sort="Doumbo, Ogobara K" uniqKey="Doumbo O" first="Ogobara K" last="Doumbo">Ogobara K. Doumbo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zongo, Issaka" sort="Zongo, Issaka" uniqKey="Zongo I" first="Issaka" last="Zongo">Issaka Zongo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ouedraogo, Jean Bosco" sort="Ouedraogo, Jean Bosco" uniqKey="Ouedraogo J" first="Jean-Bosco" last="Ouedraogo">Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alcock, Daniel" sort="Alcock, Daniel" uniqKey="Alcock D" first="Daniel" last="Alcock">Daniel Alcock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drury, Eleanor" sort="Drury, Eleanor" uniqKey="Drury E" first="Eleanor" last="Drury">Eleanor Drury</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Auburn, Sarah" sort="Auburn, Sarah" uniqKey="Auburn S" first="Sarah" last="Auburn">Sarah Auburn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territories 0811, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territories 0811</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Northern Territories 0811</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koch, Oliver" sort="Koch, Oliver" uniqKey="Koch O" first="Oliver" last="Koch">Oliver Koch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanders, Mandy" sort="Sanders, Mandy" uniqKey="Sanders M" first="Mandy" last="Sanders">Mandy Sanders</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hubbart, Christina" sort="Hubbart, Christina" uniqKey="Hubbart C" first="Christina" last="Hubbart">Christina Hubbart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maslen, Gareth" sort="Maslen, Gareth" uniqKey="Maslen G" first="Gareth" last="Maslen">Gareth Maslen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruano Rubio, Valentin" sort="Ruano Rubio, Valentin" uniqKey="Ruano Rubio V" first="Valentin" last="Ruano-Rubio">Valentin Ruano-Rubio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jyothi, Dushyanth" sort="Jyothi, Dushyanth" uniqKey="Jyothi D" first="Dushyanth" last="Jyothi">Dushyanth Jyothi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miles, Alistair" sort="Miles, Alistair" uniqKey="Miles A" first="Alistair" last="Miles">Alistair Miles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Rien, John" sort="O Rien, John" uniqKey="O Rien J" first="John" last="O Rien">John O Rien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gamble, Chris" sort="Gamble, Chris" uniqKey="Gamble C" first="Chris" last="Gamble">Chris Gamble</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oyola, Samuel O" sort="Oyola, Samuel O" uniqKey="Oyola S" first="Samuel O" last="Oyola">Samuel O. Oyola</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rayner, Julian C" sort="Rayner, Julian C" uniqKey="Rayner J" first="Julian C" last="Rayner">Julian C. Rayner</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Newbold, Chris I" sort="Newbold, Chris I" uniqKey="Newbold C" first="Chris I" last="Newbold">Chris I. Newbold</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A24">Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berriman, Matthew" sort="Berriman, Matthew" uniqKey="Berriman M" first="Matthew" last="Berriman">Matthew Berriman</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spencer, Chris Ca" sort="Spencer, Chris Ca" uniqKey="Spencer C" first="Chris Ca" last="Spencer">Chris Ca Spencer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gilean" sort="Mcvean, Gilean" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gilean" last="Mcvean">Gilean Mcvean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<author><name sortKey="Day, Nicholas P" sort="Day, Nicholas P" uniqKey="Day N" first="Nicholas P" last="Day">Nicholas P. Day</name>
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<author><name sortKey="White, Nicholas J" sort="White, Nicholas J" uniqKey="White N" first="Nicholas J" last="White">Nicholas J. White</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Bethell, Delia" sort="Bethell, Delia" uniqKey="Bethell D" first="Delia" last="Bethell">Delia Bethell</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Dondorp, Arjen M" sort="Dondorp, Arjen M" uniqKey="Dondorp A" first="Arjen M" last="Dondorp">Arjen M. Dondorp</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plowe, Christopher V" sort="Plowe, Christopher V" uniqKey="Plowe C" first="Christopher V" last="Plowe">Christopher V. Plowe</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fairhurst, Rick M" sort="Fairhurst, Rick M" uniqKey="Fairhurst R" first="Rick M" last="Fairhurst">Rick M. Fairhurst</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Kwiatkowski, Dominic P" sort="Kwiatkowski, Dominic P" uniqKey="Kwiatkowski D" first="Dominic P" last="Kwiatkowski">Dominic P. Kwiatkowski</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
 in Cambodia</title>
<author><name sortKey="Miotto, Olivo" sort="Miotto, Olivo" uniqKey="Miotto O" first="Olivo" last="Miotto">Olivo Miotto</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" sort="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" uniqKey="Almagro Garcia J" first="Jacob" last="Almagro-Garcia">Jacob Almagro-Garcia</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manske, Magnus" sort="Manske, Magnus" uniqKey="Manske M" first="Magnus" last="Manske">Magnus Manske</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macinnis, Bronwyn" sort="Macinnis, Bronwyn" uniqKey="Macinnis B" first="Bronwyn" last="Macinnis">Bronwyn Macinnis</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campino, Susana" sort="Campino, Susana" uniqKey="Campino S" first="Susana" last="Campino">Susana Campino</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rockett, Kirk A" sort="Rockett, Kirk A" uniqKey="Rockett K" first="Kirk A" last="Rockett">Kirk A. Rockett</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amaratunga, Chanaki" sort="Amaratunga, Chanaki" uniqKey="Amaratunga C" first="Chanaki" last="Amaratunga">Chanaki Amaratunga</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, Pharath" sort="Lim, Pharath" uniqKey="Lim P" first="Pharath" last="Lim">Pharath Lim</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20892</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suon, Seila" sort="Suon, Seila" uniqKey="Suon S" first="Seila" last="Suon">Seila Suon</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sreng, Sokunthea" sort="Sreng, Sokunthea" uniqKey="Sreng S" first="Sokunthea" last="Sreng">Sokunthea Sreng</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Phnom Penh</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderson, Jennifer M" sort="Anderson, Jennifer M" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="Jennifer M" last="Anderson">Jennifer M. Anderson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duong, Socheat" sort="Duong, Socheat" uniqKey="Duong S" first="Socheat" last="Duong">Socheat Duong</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Phnom Penh</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nguon, Chea" sort="Nguon, Chea" uniqKey="Nguon C" first="Chea" last="Nguon">Chea Nguon</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Phnom Penh</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chuor, Char Meng" sort="Chuor, Char Meng" uniqKey="Chuor C" first="Char Meng" last="Chuor">Char Meng Chuor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Phnom Penh</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saunders, David" sort="Saunders, David" uniqKey="Saunders D" first="David" last="Saunders">David Saunders</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Se, Youry" sort="Se, Youry" uniqKey="Se Y" first="Youry" last="Se">Youry Se</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lon, Chantap" sort="Lon, Chantap" uniqKey="Lon C" first="Chantap" last="Lon">Chantap Lon</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea>US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Phnom Penh</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fukuda, Mark M" sort="Fukuda, Mark M" uniqKey="Fukuda M" first="Mark M" last="Fukuda">Mark M. Fukuda</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring MD 20904, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring MD 20904</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Silver Spring MD 20904</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amenga Etego, Lucas" sort="Amenga Etego, Lucas" uniqKey="Amenga Etego L" first="Lucas" last="Amenga-Etego">Lucas Amenga-Etego</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hodgson, Abraham Vo" sort="Hodgson, Abraham Vo" uniqKey="Hodgson A" first="Abraham Vo" last="Hodgson">Abraham Vo Hodgson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Navrongo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Asoala, Victor" sort="Asoala, Victor" uniqKey="Asoala V" first="Victor" last="Asoala">Victor Asoala</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Navrongo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imwong, Mallika" sort="Imwong, Mallika" uniqKey="Imwong M" first="Mallika" last="Imwong">Mallika Imwong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takala Harrison, Shannon" sort="Takala Harrison, Shannon" uniqKey="Takala Harrison S" first="Shannon" last="Takala-Harrison">Shannon Takala-Harrison</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21201</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nosten, Francois" sort="Nosten, Francois" uniqKey="Nosten F" first="Francois" last="Nosten">Francois Nosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Tak 63110</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tak 63110</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Su, Xin Zhuan" sort="Su, Xin Zhuan" uniqKey="Su X" first="Xin-Zhuan" last="Su">Xin-Zhuan Su</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20892</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ringwald, Pascal" sort="Ringwald, Pascal" uniqKey="Ringwald P" first="Pascal" last="Ringwald">Pascal Ringwald</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A15">Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ariey, Frederic" sort="Ariey, Frederic" uniqKey="Ariey F" first="Frédéric" last="Ariey">Frédéric Ariey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>75015</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dolecek, Christiane" sort="Dolecek, Christiane" uniqKey="Dolecek C" first="Christiane" last="Dolecek">Christiane Dolecek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hien, Tran Tinh" sort="Hien, Tran Tinh" uniqKey="Hien T" first="Tran Tinh" last="Hien">Tran Tinh Hien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boni, Maciej F" sort="Boni, Maciej F" uniqKey="Boni M" first="Maciej F" last="Boni">Maciej F. Boni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thai, Cao Quang" sort="Thai, Cao Quang" uniqKey="Thai C" first="Cao Quang" last="Thai">Cao Quang Thai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amambua Ngwa, Alfred" sort="Amambua Ngwa, Alfred" uniqKey="Amambua Ngwa A" first="Alfred" last="Amambua-Ngwa">Alfred Amambua-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Laboratories, Fajara</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Fajara</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Conway, David J" sort="Conway, David J" uniqKey="Conway D" first="David J" last="Conway">David J. Conway</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A18">MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Laboratories, Fajara</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Fajara</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London WC1E 7HT</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Djimde, Abdoulaye A" sort="Djimde, Abdoulaye A" uniqKey="Djimde A" first="Abdoulaye A" last="Djimdé">Abdoulaye A. Djimdé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doumbo, Ogobara K" sort="Doumbo, Ogobara K" uniqKey="Doumbo O" first="Ogobara K" last="Doumbo">Ogobara K. Doumbo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Techniques and Technologies of Bamako</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zongo, Issaka" sort="Zongo, Issaka" uniqKey="Zongo I" first="Issaka" last="Zongo">Issaka Zongo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ouedraogo, Jean Bosco" sort="Ouedraogo, Jean Bosco" uniqKey="Ouedraogo J" first="Jean-Bosco" last="Ouedraogo">Jean-Bosco Ouedraogo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l’Ouést, Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bobo-Dioulasso</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alcock, Daniel" sort="Alcock, Daniel" uniqKey="Alcock D" first="Daniel" last="Alcock">Daniel Alcock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drury, Eleanor" sort="Drury, Eleanor" uniqKey="Drury E" first="Eleanor" last="Drury">Eleanor Drury</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Auburn, Sarah" sort="Auburn, Sarah" uniqKey="Auburn S" first="Sarah" last="Auburn">Sarah Auburn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A22">Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territories 0811, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territories 0811</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Northern Territories 0811</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koch, Oliver" sort="Koch, Oliver" uniqKey="Koch O" first="Oliver" last="Koch">Oliver Koch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanders, Mandy" sort="Sanders, Mandy" uniqKey="Sanders M" first="Mandy" last="Sanders">Mandy Sanders</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hubbart, Christina" sort="Hubbart, Christina" uniqKey="Hubbart C" first="Christina" last="Hubbart">Christina Hubbart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maslen, Gareth" sort="Maslen, Gareth" uniqKey="Maslen G" first="Gareth" last="Maslen">Gareth Maslen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruano Rubio, Valentin" sort="Ruano Rubio, Valentin" uniqKey="Ruano Rubio V" first="Valentin" last="Ruano-Rubio">Valentin Ruano-Rubio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jyothi, Dushyanth" sort="Jyothi, Dushyanth" uniqKey="Jyothi D" first="Dushyanth" last="Jyothi">Dushyanth Jyothi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miles, Alistair" sort="Miles, Alistair" uniqKey="Miles A" first="Alistair" last="Miles">Alistair Miles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Rien, John" sort="O Rien, John" uniqKey="O Rien J" first="John" last="O Rien">John O Rien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gamble, Chris" sort="Gamble, Chris" uniqKey="Gamble C" first="Chris" last="Gamble">Chris Gamble</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A23">Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="White, Nicholas J" sort="White, Nicholas J" uniqKey="White N" first="Nicholas J" last="White">Nicholas J. White</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Bethell, Delia" sort="Bethell, Delia" uniqKey="Bethell D" first="Delia" last="Bethell">Delia Bethell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dondorp, Arjen M" sort="Dondorp, Arjen M" uniqKey="Dondorp A" first="Arjen M" last="Dondorp">Arjen M. Dondorp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok 10400</wicri:noRegion>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plowe, Christopher V" sort="Plowe, Christopher V" uniqKey="Plowe C" first="Christopher V" last="Plowe">Christopher V. Plowe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fairhurst, Rick M" sort="Fairhurst, Rick M" uniqKey="Fairhurst R" first="Rick M" last="Fairhurst">Rick M. Fairhurst</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kwiatkowski, Dominic P" sort="Kwiatkowski, Dominic P" uniqKey="Kwiatkowski D" first="Dominic P" last="Kwiatkowski">Dominic P. Kwiatkowski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
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</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Nature genetics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1061-4036</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1546-1718</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">We describe an analysis of genome variation in 825 <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
 samples from Asia and Africa that reveals an unusual pattern of parasite population structure at the epicentre of artemisinin resistance in western Cambodia. Within this relatively small geographical area we have discovered several distinct but apparently sympatric parasite subpopulations with extremely high levels of genetic differentiation. Of particular interest are three subpopulations, all associated with clinical resistance to artemisinin, which have skewed allele frequency spectra and remarkably high levels of haplotype homozygosity, indicative of founder effects and recent population expansion. We provide a catalogue of SNPs that show high levels of differentiation in the artemisinin-resistant subpopulations, including codon variants in various transporter proteins and DNA mismatch repair proteins. These data provide a population genetic framework for investigating the biological origins of artemisinin resistance and for defining molecular markers to assist its elimination.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>Burkina Faso</li>
<li>Cambodge</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Gambie</li>
<li>Ghana</li>
<li>Mali</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
<li>Thaïlande</li>
<li>Viêt Nam</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Oxfordshire</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Oxford</li>
<li>Paris</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université d'Oxford</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Miotto, Olivo" sort="Miotto, Olivo" uniqKey="Miotto O" first="Olivo" last="Miotto">Olivo Miotto</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Alcock, Daniel" sort="Alcock, Daniel" uniqKey="Alcock D" first="Daniel" last="Alcock">Daniel Alcock</name>
<name sortKey="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" sort="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" uniqKey="Almagro Garcia J" first="Jacob" last="Almagro-Garcia">Jacob Almagro-Garcia</name>
<name sortKey="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" sort="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" uniqKey="Almagro Garcia J" first="Jacob" last="Almagro-Garcia">Jacob Almagro-Garcia</name>
<name sortKey="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" sort="Almagro Garcia, Jacob" uniqKey="Almagro Garcia J" first="Jacob" last="Almagro-Garcia">Jacob Almagro-Garcia</name>
<name sortKey="Berriman, Matthew" sort="Berriman, Matthew" uniqKey="Berriman M" first="Matthew" last="Berriman">Matthew Berriman</name>
<name sortKey="Boni, Maciej F" sort="Boni, Maciej F" uniqKey="Boni M" first="Maciej F" last="Boni">Maciej F. Boni</name>
<name sortKey="Campino, Susana" sort="Campino, Susana" uniqKey="Campino S" first="Susana" last="Campino">Susana Campino</name>
<name sortKey="Campino, Susana" sort="Campino, Susana" uniqKey="Campino S" first="Susana" last="Campino">Susana Campino</name>
<name sortKey="Conway, David J" sort="Conway, David J" uniqKey="Conway D" first="David J" last="Conway">David J. Conway</name>
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   |texte=   Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia

Multiple populations of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Cambodia

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Abstract

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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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